2009’s. Sustainability thinking.
Absence of the human factor is a key element for failure of rural water supply projects. Based on among others experiences with the Indian Mark 2 ( which appears not to be a VLOM pump, VLOM becomes Village Level Operation and Maintenance Management. Programs like triple S (IRC). Re-appraisal how development aid for rural water supply sector should be implemented. Shift from water as product to water as service.
Later on Agenda for change
Read more;
Triple S; https://www.ircwash.org/projects/triple-s
Technology Applicability Framework for sustainability of services https://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply/technology-applicability-framework
Agenda for change; https://www.washagendaforchange.net/